Exploring the Python OS Module

# To import the os module
import os

# Now you can use any function from the os module like os.getcwd(), os.listdir(), os.mkdir(), etc.

import os

# Example 1: getcwd()
# Returns the current working directory
current_directory = os.getcwd()
print("Current Directory:", current_directory)

# Example 2: listdir()
# Returns a list of files and directories in the given directory
files_and_dirs = os.listdir('.')
print("Files and Directories:", files_and_dirs)

# Example 3: mkdir()
# Creates a new directory
os.mkdir('new_directory')
print("New directory created.")

# Example 4: remove()
# Deletes a file
os.remove('file_to_delete.txt')
print("File deleted.")

# Example 5: rmdir()
# Removes an empty directory
os.rmdir('empty_directory')
print("Empty directory removed.")

# Example 6: rename()
# Renames a file or directory
os.rename('old_name.txt', 'new_name.txt')
print("File renamed.")

# Example 7: environ()
# Returns a dictionary representing the user's environment variables
env_variables = os.environ
print("Environment Variables:", env_variables)

# Example 8: system()
# Executes a system command
os.system('echo "Hello, world!"')
print("System command executed.")

# Example 9: chdir()
# Changes the current working directory to the specified path
os.chdir('/path/to/new/directory')
print("Directory changed.")

# Example 10: getpid()
# Returns the current process ID
pid = os.getpid()
print("Process ID:", pid)

# Example 11: getppid()
# Returns the parent process ID
ppid = os.getppid()
print("Parent Process ID:", ppid)

# Example 12: getlogin()
# Returns the name of the user logged into the terminal
login_user = os.getlogin()
print("Logged in User:", login_user)

# Example 13: umask()
# Sets or gets the current process’s file mode creation mask
current_umask = os.umask(0o022)
print("File mode creation mask:", current_umask)

# Example 14: makedirs()
# Creates directories, including intermediate directories if necessary
os.makedirs('new/parent/directory')
print("Intermediate directories created.")

# Example 15: link()
# Creates a hard link to a file
os.link('file.txt', 'hard_link.txt')
print("Hard link created.")

# Example 16: symlink()
# Creates a symbolic link to a file
os.symlink('file.txt', 'symlink.txt')
print("Symbolic link created.")

# Example 17: readlink()
# Returns the path that the symbolic link points to
link_target = os.readlink('symlink.txt')
print("Symbolic link points to:", link_target)

# Example 18: walk()
# Generates file names in a directory tree by walking through it top-down or bottom-up
for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk('.'):
    print(f"Current Path: {dirpath}")
    print(f"Directories: {dirnames}")
    print(f"Files: {filenames}")

# Example 19: stat()
# Returns status information about a specified file
file_status = os.stat('file.txt')
print("File Status:", file_status)

# Example 20: getuid()
# Returns the current process’s user ID
uid = os.getuid()
print("User ID:", uid)

# Example 21: getgid()
# Returns the current process’s group ID
gid = os.getgid()
print("Group ID:", gid)

# Example 22: putenv()
# Sets an environment variable
os.putenv('MY_VAR', 'value')
print("Environment variable set.")

# Example 23: getenv()
# Gets the value of an environment variable
my_var_value = os.getenv('MY_VAR')
print("Environment variable value:", my_var_value)

# Example 24: getcwdb()
# Returns the current working directory as a bytes object
current_directory_bytes = os.getcwdb()
print("Current Directory (bytes):", current_directory_bytes)

# Example 25: chroot()
# Changes the root directory for the current process
# Note: This function requires superuser privileges and may not work in all environments
# Use this function with caution, especially on shared or production systems.
# os.chroot('/path/to/new/root')
# print("Root directory changed.")